From Roof Cracks to Wound Healing: How Structure-Behavior-Function Analogy Shapes Students' Reasoning in Complex Biology System

Abstract

Complex biological systems, such as Human Body Systems, require a holistic understanding of how structures interact dynamically to produce functional outcomes. The Structure–Behavior–Function (SBF) framework offers a lens for capturing such reasoning by emphasizing the interconnected roles of system components, their mechanisms, and purposes. To support students in developing this form of reasoning, this study employed an SBF-based analogical story that compared the biological process of wound healing to the repair of a cracked roof. This study explores how an SBF-based analogical story, of repairing a cracked roof comparing with wound healing shapes students’ reasoning about biological systems. Thematic analysis revealed key reasoning strategies students employed while interacting with the analogy. They mapped characters and roles across domains, gradually shifting from surface level similarities to identifying deeper behavioral and functional equivalences. Students compared the systems at both whole and part levels, demonstrating their ability to reason about interdependent system elements. To organize their understanding of biological processes, many developed schemas, such as distinguishing between temporary and permanent repairs. Furthermore, students were able to identify and critically evaluate the limitations of the given SBF-based analogical story, reflecting a deeper, more critical engagement with the analogy rather than relying on straightforward one-to-one mapping